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When Is the Brain Developed in the Womb of a Baby

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Process in which an embryo and later fetus develops during gestation

Prenatal development (from Latin natalis 'relating to birth') includes the development of the embryo and of the foetus during a viviparous animate being'southward gestation. Prenatal development starts with fertilization, in the germinal phase of embryonic development, and continues in fetal development until birth.

In human pregnancy, prenatal development is also called antenatal development. The evolution of the human embryo follows fertilization, and continues as fetal development. By the end of the 10th calendar week of gestational age the embryo has acquired its bones form and is referred to as a fetus. The next menstruum is that of fetal development where many organs become fully adult. This fetal period is described both topically (by organ) and chronologically (by time) with major occurrences being listed by gestational age.

The very early stages of embryonic evolution are the aforementioned in all mammals. Afterward stages of development beyond all taxa of animals and the length of gestation vary.

Terminology [edit]

In the human:

Stages during pregnancy. Embryonic development is marked in dark-green. Weeks and months are numbered by gestation.

Unlike terms are used to describe prenatal evolution, meaning evolution before birth. A term with the same pregnant is the "antepartum" (from Latin dues "before" and parere "to requite nativity") Sometimes "antepartum" is however used to denote the menstruation between the 24th/26th week of gestational historic period until nativity, for example in antepartum hemorrhage.[i] [2]

The perinatal flow (from Greek peri, "nearly, around" and Latin nasci "to be born") is "effectually the time of birth". In adult countries and at facilities where expert neonatal care is available, it is considered from 22 completed weeks (commonly about 154 days) of gestation (the time when birth weight is normally 500 chiliad) to 7 completed days after birth.[3] In many of the developing countries the starting point of this period is considered 28 completed weeks of gestation (or weight more than thou one thousand).[4]

Fertilization [edit]

Fertilization marks the first germinal stage of embryonic development. When semen is released into the vagina, the spermatozoa travel through the cervix and body of the uterus and into the fallopian tubes where fertilization unremarkably takes place. Many sperm cells are released with the possibility of just one managing to adhere to and enter the thick protective layer surrounding the egg cell (ovum). The first sperm cell to successfully penetrate the egg cell donates its genetic fabric (DNA) to combine with the DNA of the egg prison cell resulting in a new organism chosen the zygote. The term "conception" refers variably to either fertilization or to formation of the conceptus afterward its implantation in the uterus, and this terminology is controversial.

The zygote will develop into a male person if the egg is fertilized by a sperm that carries a Y chromosome, or a female if the sperm carries an 10 chromosome.[5] The Y chromosome contains a cistron, SRY, which will switch on androgen production at a later stage leading to the development of a male body type. In contrast, the mitochondrial DNA of the zygote comes entirely from the egg cell.

Development of the embryo [edit]

Post-obit fertilization, the embryonic stage of development continues until the end of the 10th week (gestational age) (eighth week fertilization age). The first ii weeks from fertilization is also referred to equally the germinal stage or preembryonic stage.[six]

The zygote spends the next few days traveling down the fallopian tube dividing several times to grade a ball of cells called a morula. Further cellular division is accompanied by the formation of a modest cavity between the cells. This stage is chosen a blastocyst. Up to this point there is no growth in the overall size of the embryo, as it is confined within a glycoprotein beat, known as the zona pellucida. Instead, each division produces successively smaller cells.

The blastocyst reaches the uterus at roughly the 5th twenty-four hour period subsequently fertilization. Information technology is here that lysis of the zona pellucida occurs. This process is analogous to zona hatching, a term that refers to the emergence of the blastocyst from the zona pellucida, when incubated in vitro. This allows the trophectoderm cells of the blastocyst to come up into contact with, and adhere to, the endometrial cells of the uterus. The trophectoderm will somewhen give rise to extra-embryonic structures, such equally the placenta and the membranes. The embryo becomes embedded in the endometrium in a process chosen implantation. In virtually successful pregnancies, the embryo implants 8 to 10 days after ovulation.[vii] The embryo, the extra-embryonic membranes, and the placenta are collectively referred to as a conceptus, or the "products of formulation".

Rapid growth occurs and the embryo's main features begin to take form. This process is chosen differentiation, which produces the varied jail cell types (such as blood cells, kidney cells, and nerve cells). A spontaneous abortion, or miscarriage, in the starting time trimester of pregnancy is usually[8] due to major genetic mistakes or abnormalities in the developing embryo. During this critical period (most of the first trimester), the developing embryo is as well susceptible to toxic exposures, such as:

  • Alcohol, sure drugs, and other toxins that crusade birth defects, such every bit fetal booze syndrome
  • Infection (such equally rubella or cytomegalovirus)
  • Radiations from x-rays or radiation therapy
  • Nutritional deficiencies such as lack of folate which contributes to spina bifida

Nutrition [edit]

The embryo passes through 3 phases of acquisition of nutrition from the female parent:[9]

  1. Absorption phase: Zygote is nourished by cellular cytoplasm and secretions in fallopian tubes and uterine crenel.[x]
  2. Histoplasmic transfer: Subsequently nidation and before establishment of uteroplacental circulation, embryonic nutrition is derived from decidual cells and maternal blood pools that open up as a issue of eroding activity of trophoblasts.
  3. Hematotrophic stage: After third week of gestation, substances are transported passively via intervillous infinite.

Evolution of the fetus [edit]

Fetal development is the third of the three stages of prenatal development, following from the initial germinal stage (preembryonic phase), and stage of embryonic development. These stages are too referred to in pregnancy as terms or trimesters.[xi]

From the 10th week of gestation (8th calendar week of development), the developing organism is chosen a fetus.

All major structures are already formed in the fetus, but they go along to abound and develop. Since the precursors of all the major organs are created by this time, the fetal period is described both past organ and by a listing of changes by weeks of gestational historic period.

Because the precursors of the organs are now formed, the fetus is not as sensitive to damage from ecology exposure as the embryo was. Instead, toxic exposure oft causes physiological abnormalities or minor built malformation.

Evolution of organ systems [edit]

Development continues throughout the life of the fetus and through into life later birth. Significant changes occur to many systems in the period subsequently birth equally they adapt to life outside the uterus.

Fetal blood [edit]

Hematopoiesis start takes place in the yolk sac. The function is transferred to the liver by the tenth week of gestation and to the spleen and bone marrow beyond that. The full blood volume is about 125 ml/kg of fetal body weight virtually term.

Crimson blood cells [edit]

Megaloblastic carmine blood cells are produced early in development, which become normoblastic near term. Life span of prenatal RBCs is lxxx days. Rh antigen appears at virtually 40 days of gestation.

White blood cells [edit]

The fetus starts producing leukocytes at 2 months gestational historic period, mainly from the thymus and the spleen. Lymphocytes derived from the thymus are chosen T lymphocytes (T cells), whereas those derived from bone marrow are chosen B lymphocytes (B cells). Both of these populations of lymphocytes have short-lived and long-lived groups. Brusque-lived T cells usually reside in thymus, bone marrow and spleen; whereas long-lived T cells reside in the blood stream. Plasma cells are derived from B cells and their life in fetal blood is 0.5 to two days.

Glands [edit]

The thyroid is the starting time gland to develop in the embryo at the 4th calendar week of gestation. Insulin secretion in the fetus starts around the twelfth week of gestation.

Cognitive evolution [edit]

Initial knowledge of the furnishings of prenatal experience on later neuropsychological development originates from the Dutch Famine Study, which researched the cognitive evolution of individuals born later on the Dutch famine of 1944–45.[12] The start studies focused on the consequences of the famine to cerebral evolution, including the prevalence of intellectual inability.[13] Such studies predate David Barker's hypothesis about the association between the prenatal environment and the development of chronic conditions later in life.[fourteen] The initial studies institute no clan between malnourishment and cognitive development,[thirteen] only afterwards studies found associations between malnourishment and increased chance for schizophrenia,[15] antisocial disorders,[16] and affective disorders.[17]

There is show that the acquisition of language begins in the prenatal stage. Afterward 26 weeks of gestation, the peripheral auditory organization is already fully formed.[18] Besides, most low-frequency sounds (less than 300 Hz) tin reach the fetal inner ear in the womb of mammals.[19] Those low-frequency sounds include pitch, rhythm, and phonetic information related to language.[20] Studies have indicated that fetuses react to and recognize differences between sounds.[21] Such ideas are further reinforced by the fact that newborns nowadays a preference for their female parent's vocalization,[22] nowadays behavioral recognition of stories but heard during gestation,[23] and (in monolingual mothers) nowadays preference for their native language.[24] A more contempo report with EEG demonstrated different brain activation in newborns hearing their native language compared to when they were presented with a different language, farther supporting the idea that language learning starts while in gestation.[25]

Growth rate [edit]

Growth rate of fetus is linear up to 37 weeks of gestation, after which it plateaus.[9] The growth rate of an embryo and baby can exist reflected as the weight per gestational age, and is often given every bit the weight put in relation to what would be expected past the gestational historic period. A infant born within the normal range of weight for that gestational historic period is known as appropriate for gestational historic period (AGA). An abnormally tiresome growth rate results in the infant being small for gestational age, and, on the other manus, an abnormally large growth rate results in the infant existence large for gestational historic period. A slow growth charge per unit and preterm nascence are the ii factors that can cause a low birth weight. Low nativity weight (below 2000 grams) tin slightly increment the likelihood of schizophrenia.[26]

The growth rate can be roughly correlated with the fundal height which can be estimated by abdominal palpation. More exact measurements tin be performed with obstetric ultrasonography.

Factors influencing development [edit]

Intrauterine growth brake is one of the causes of low nascence weight associated with over half of neonatal deaths.[27]

Poverty [edit]

Poverty has been linked to poor prenatal care and has been an influence on prenatal development. Women in poverty are more likely to have children at a younger age, which results in low nativity weight. Many of these expecting mothers have piddling education and are therefore less aware of the risks of smoking, drinking booze, and drug use – other factors that influence the growth rate of a fetus.

Mother's historic period [edit]

Women between the ages of 16 and 35 accept a healthier environment for a fetus than women under sixteen or over 35.[28] Women between this age gap are more likely to accept fewer complications. Women over 35 are more inclined to take a longer labor menstruation, which could potentially result in expiry of the female parent or fetus. Women under 16 and over 35 have a higher risk of preterm labor (premature infant), and this run a risk increases for women in poverty, women who take drugs, and women who fume. Immature mothers are more likely to engage in high risk behaviors, such every bit using booze, drugs, or smoking, resulting in negative consequences for the fetus.[29] Premature babies from young mothers are more probable to take neurological defects that will influence their coping capabilities – irritability, trouble sleeping, constant crying for example. In that location is an increased take a chance of Down's syndrome for infants born to those aged over forty years. Immature teenaged mothers (younger than sixteen) and mothers over 35 are more than exposed to the risks of miscarriages, premature births, and nascence defects.

Drug use [edit]

An estimated 5 percent of fetuses in the U.s.a. are exposed to illicit drug use during pregnancy.[30] Maternal drug employ occurs when drugs ingested by the significant woman are metabolized in the placenta and so transmitted to the fetus. Resent research display that in that location is a correlation between fine motor skills and prenatal gamble factors such equally the apply of psychoactive substances and signs of ballgame during pregnancy. Equally well as perinatal risk factors such equally gestation fourth dimension, elapsing of delivery, nascency weight and postnatal risk factors such as constant falls.[31]

Cannabis [edit]

When using cannabis, there is a greater risk of birth defects, low birth weight, and a college rate of expiry in infants or stillbirths.[32] Drug apply volition influence extreme irritability, crying, and hazard for SIDS once the fetus is born.[33] Marijuana will slow the fetal growth rate and can result in premature commitment. Information technology can likewise lead to low nascence weight, a shortened gestational menses and complications in delivery.[32] Cannabis use during pregnancy was unrelated to take chances of perinatal death or need for special intendance, but, the babies of women who used cannabis at least in one case per week before and throughout pregnancy were 216g lighter than those of non‐users, had significantly shorter birth lengths and smaller caput circumferences.[34]

Opioids [edit]

Opioids including heroin will crusade interrupted fetal development, stillbirths, and can lead to numerous birth defects. Heroin can besides result in premature commitment, creates a higher run a risk of miscarriages, event in facial abnormalities and head size, and create gastrointestinal abnormalities in the fetus. In that location is an increased take chances for SIDS, dysfunction in the central nervous system, and neurological dysfunctions including tremors, sleep problems, and seizures. The fetus is also put at a peachy chance for low birth weight and respiratory problems.[35]

Cocaine [edit]

Cocaine utilise results in a smaller encephalon, which results in learning disabilities for the fetus. Cocaine puts the fetus at a higher risk of being stillborn or premature. Cocaine utilise besides results in low birthweight, damage to the cardinal nervous system, and motor dysfunction. The vasoconstriction of the effects of cocaine pb to a decrease in placental blood flow to the fetus that results in fetal hypoxia that is oxygen deficiency and decreased fetal nutrition these vasoconstrictive effects on the placenta have been linked to the number of complications in malformations that are evident in the newborn. [36]

Methamphetamine [edit]

Prenatal methamphetamine exposure has shown to negatively impact brain development and behavioral functioning. A 2019 study further investigated neurocognitive and neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal methamphetamine exposure. This study had two groups, one containing children who were prenatally exposed to methamphetamine but no other illicit drugs and one containing children who met diagnosis criteria for ADHD but were non prenatally exposed to whatever illicit substance. Both groups of children completed intelligence measures to compute an IQ. Written report results showed that the prenatally exposed children performed lower on the intelligence measures than their non-exposed peers with ADHD. The study results also suggest that prenatal exposure to methamphetamine may negatively impact processing speed equally children develop.[37]

Alcohol [edit]

Maternal alcohol employ leads to disruptions of the fetus's encephalon development, interferes with the fetus's jail cell evolution and organization, and affects the maturation of the central nervous system. Even small amounts of booze apply can cause lower tiptop, weight and head size at birth and higher aggressiveness and lower intelligence during childhood.[38] Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder is a developmental disorder that is a consequence of heavy alcohol intake by the mother during pregnancy. Children with FASD accept a variety of distinctive facial features, heart problems, and cognitive issues such as developmental disabilities, attention difficulties, and retention deficits.[38]

Tobacco employ [edit]

Tobacco smoking during pregnancy exposes the fetus to nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide. Nicotine results in less claret flow to the fetus because it constricts the blood vessels. Carbon monoxide reduces the oxygen flow to the fetus. The reduction of claret and oxygen flow may effect in miscarriage, stillbirth, depression birth weight, and premature births.[39] Exposure to secondhand fume leads to higher risks of low nativity weight and childhood cancer.[40]

Infections [edit]

If a mother is infected with a disease, the placenta cannot always filter out the pathogens. Viruses such as rubella, chicken pox, mumps, herpes, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are associated with an increased risk of miscarriage, low birth weight, prematurity, physical malformations, and intellectual disabilities.[41] HIV tin can lead to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Untreated HIV carries a risk of between 10 and 20 per cent of beingness passed on to the fetus.[42] Bacterial or parasitic diseases may as well exist passed on to the fetus, and include chlamydia, syphilis, tuberculosis, malaria, and commonly toxoplasmosis.[43] Toxoplasmosis tin can be caused through eating infected undercooked meat or contaminated nutrient, and by drinking contaminated water.[44] The chance of fetal infection is everyman during early pregnancy, and highest during the tertiary trimester. Even so, in early pregnancy the issue is worse, and can be fatal.[44]

Maternal nutrition [edit]

Adequate nutrition is needed for a healthy fetus. Mothers who proceeds less than 20 pounds during pregnancy are at increased gamble for having a preterm or low birth weight infant.[45] Atomic number 26 and iodine are especially of import during prenatal development. Mothers who are deficient in iron are at adventure for having a preterm or low nascency weight infant.[46] Iodine deficiencies increase the run a risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, and fetal brain abnormalities. Adequate prenatal care gives an improved event in the newborn.[47]

Low nativity weight [edit]

Low nascence weight increases an infants risk of long-term growth and cognitive and language deficits. It as well results in a shortened gestational catamenia and can lead to prenatal complications.

Stress [edit]

Stress during pregnancy can bear on the development of the embryo. Reilly (2017) states that stress tin come from many forms of life events such equally customs, family, financial issues, and natural causes. While a woman is pregnant, stress from outside sources can have a toll on the growth in the womb that may touch the child's learning and relationships when born. For instance, they may accept behavioral problems and might exist antisocial. The stress that the mother experiences affects the fetus and the fetus' growth which can include the fetus' nervous arrangement (Reilly, 2017). Stress can also atomic number 82 to low birth weight. Even afterwards avoiding other factors like alcohol, drugs, and being salubrious, stress tin take its impacts whether families know information technology or not. Many women who bargain with maternal stress do not seek handling. Like to stress, Reilly stated that in contempo studies, researchers have institute that pregnant women who testify depressive symptoms are not as fastened and bonded to their kid while it is in the womb (2017).[48]

Ecology toxins [edit]

Exposure to ecology toxins in pregnancy lead to higher rates of miscarriage, sterility, and birth defects. Toxins include fetal exposure to atomic number 82, mercury, and ethanol or chancy environments. Prenatal exposure to mercury may lead to physical deformation, difficulty in chewing and swallowing, and poor motoric coordination.[49] Exposure to loftier levels of lead prenatally is related to prematurity, low birth weight, brain damage, and a variety of physical defects.[49] Exposure to persistent air pollution from traffic and smog may lead to reduced infant caput size, low birth weight, increased infant death rates, impaired lung and immune organization evolution.[50]

Run across as well [edit]

  • Prenatal retentiveness
  • Prenatal and perinatal psychology
  • Fetal sus scrofa
  • Timeline of human being prenatal evolution
  • Transplacental carcinogenesis

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Further reading [edit]

  • MedlinePlus Encyclopedia: Fetal development
  • Moore, Keith L. (1998). The Developing Homo (tertiary ed.). Philadelphia PA: W.B. Saunders Visitor. ISBN9780721669748.
  • Wilcox AJ, Baird DD, Weinberg CR (June 1999). "Time of implantation of the conceptus and loss of pregnancy". N. Engl. J. Med. 340 (23): 1796–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM199906103402304. PMID 10362823.
  • Ljunger E, Cnattingius S, Lundin C, Annerén M (November 2005). "Chromosomal anomalies in starting time-trimester miscarriages". Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 84 (11): 1103–vii. doi:10.1111/j.0001-6349.2005.00882.x. PMID 16232180. S2CID 40039636.
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External links [edit]

  • Chart of homo fetal development, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM)
  • U.G. Homo Fecundation and Embryology Authority (HFEA), regulatory bureau overseeing the use of gametes and embryos in fertility treatment and enquiry

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_development

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